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** THE 1870'S: MO' PROBLEMS & MO' SUCCESS! ** ** Myla Azofeifa, Angele Dela Cruz, Albert Gonzales, Kaitlin Leguidleguid, Andrea Nuyda, & Elizabeth Ramos, Lulit Tadesse ** toc INTRODUCTION 

Let's take you to the 70’s! And no, not the decade of bell bottoms, hippies, and Three’s Company! We are talking about the 1870’s! The 1870’s brought us horrible disasters such as the Great Chicago Fire yet it also brought us the construction of the Yellowstone National Park. The 1870’s just started to recover from the Civil War. Yet the 1870’s was not all so easy and swift. Many tribulations had destroyed the decade but many accomplishments compensated for those hardships that America has endured. Negative events that happened during this decade is the Great Chicago Fire, Alabama Claims, and the Panic of 1873. The Great Chicago left Chicago in ruins and thousands homeless; it is known to be the worst fires in America’s history. The Alabama Claim resulted from the Civil War because America wanted Britain to pay for the damages made during the Civil War. The Panic of 1873 was an economic depression. Positive events that happened during the 1870’s was the 15th amendment, Civil Rights Act, the Yellowstone National Park, and the invention of the light bulb. The amendment gave anyone of the citizen of the United States to vote, the Civil Rights Act allowed ALL people to have the same treatment in public areas. The Yellowstone National Park was the first national park that had natural resources left for future generations. The invention of the light bulb (created by Thomas Edison) is the most widely and popular used invention to this day! America did go through many issues during this decade yet there was even more accomplishments! Overall, even if America been through some tough times, we know how to get back up and improve the country, the world, and ourselves! AMERICA!

TIMELINE
1870: 15th Amendment is ratified 1870: Force Acts 1871: Hayden Geological Survey of 1871- Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden explores northwestern Wyoming  1871: The Great Chicago Fire Occurs 1872: Elijah McCoy patents the first automatic lubricator for steam-driven locomotives 1872: President Grant is reelected 1872: Establishment of Yellowstone National Park 1872: Amnesty Acts 1872: The Alabama Claim <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #800000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1873: The Panic of 1873 <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #800000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1874: Lewis Howard Latimer invents an improved bathroom compartment for railroad cars <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #800000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1875: The Civil Rights Act states that there can be no discrimination in public places or on public means of transportation within the United States <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #800000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1875: Resumption Act <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #800000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1875: Blanche K. Bruce of Mississippi takes his seat in the U.S. Senate. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #800000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1876: Edward Bannister, a landscape painter, wins the gold medal in the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition for Under the Oaks <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #800000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1876: National League of Baseball founded <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #800000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1876: Battle of Little Bighorn <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #800000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1876: Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #800000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1877: Republican Rutherford B. Hayes is declared the winner of the disputed presidential election of 1876. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #800000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1878: 206 black immigrants set sail from Charleston, South Carolina, for Liberia on the Azor <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #800000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1879: Thomas Edison Invents the Light Bulb

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1870: The 15th Ammendment
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">media type="custom" key="11587320" <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;"> The 15th Amendment was created to give all men a voice by giving them the right to vote. The 15th Amendment was the last of the three Reconstruction Amendments. The 15th Amendment gives all men the right to vote regardless "of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." Slavery had been abolished by this time and slaves were trying to gain rights. The Civil War may have ended but the fight for civil rights continued. Citizens everywhere wanted to be treated fairly and have equal rights. Which is why the 15th Amendment is so important. It gives all men the right to vote regardless of their "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." The 15th Amendment appeared to grant all that the Reconstruction had promised. Black men were now free and going to be treated fairly. But in actuality, it was just the beginning of their struggle for equality. For black men, the period following the ratification of the 15th Amendment was filled with striving for equality. But they were met with many obstacles. Many were trying to make it difficult for black men to vote. They were met with many challenges to voting. Examples of this are: Literacy Tests, Grandfather Clause, & poll taxes. This time period was known as "Reconstruction" because this was a time when the country had to go through many obstacles to reunite states and citizens as one nation. The 15th Amendment didn't really benefit black voters because it was the start of their fight for equality. With the reconstruction, black men were believed to be able to take care of themselves. Even though they could vote and many were elected to office, white men made it difficult for them to be their equals.

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<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1871: The Great Chicago Fire (Lulit Tadesse)
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<span style="background-color: #ff00ff; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">GREAT CHICAGO FIRE- GREAT BALLS OF FIRE! BURN BABY! BURN! DISCO INFERNO!

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -The fire gave Chicagoans a chance to rebuild bigger and better things, such as skyscrapers. The fire gave them an opportunity to improve the city, and create one of the most magnificent buildings in the world, as we know today. Also, during this time skyscrapers, buildings, and business were created and transformed.This shows the endurance and perserverance that Chicagoans have. Even though a tragic event such as this happened they were ready to rebuild their city and restore everything that once was, this main reason is why the Great Chicago Fire was so significant in American history, it was basically one of the first developed cities in the nation. City officials blamed the poor for the fire. They blamed the poor because the O'Leary's lived in the poor section of Chicago, and since rumors were going around that the O'Leary cow started the fire, there was a lot of tension between the rich and poor. Also, when it came to rebuilding Chicago the rich could afford to reconstruct buildings and homes with bricks and other materials yet the poor did not have enough money for that, so they had to use wood. Which made them still very vulnerable to more fires to come. Because of these issues society grew farther apart after the fire rather than coming together.Throughout the nineteenth century, fires were a tremendous danger to quickly growing American cities. The urban population was expanding and there were no standards for buildings and businesses. There was no care for the buildings in Chicago and because of it, fires could begin a lot more quickly and spread rapidly as well. Under these circumstances Chicago could not survive the Great Chicago Fire.The Great Chicago Fire was basically the biggest fire in Illinois's history. The fire damaged over $200 million of property and left thousands homeless. This fire left people with nothing. Even though this fire did destroy Chicagoans, this made the city improve in many ways as well. Instead, of sulking they started to rebuild Chicago and thought of new and innovative ways to improve buildings. Chicago totally changed socially and economically. It had a larger population due to its economic change. The Great Chicago Fire created more opportunities for change for the city. It helped the city develop rather than fall back behind. Overall, the Great Chicago Fire helped the city improve for the better. Even though a tragic event such as this happened they were ready to rebuild their city and restore everything that once was. Rather than becoming defeated they became empowered to improve their city. This shows that even a great fire such as this can not tear down the spirits of the Chicagoans.

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<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1872: Establishment of Yellowstone National Park
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<span style="background-color: #000209; color: #ffff00; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">** How the Yellowstone got its Yellow **

<span style="color: #c81484; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Exploration accounts of the Yellowstone, in have dated back from 1805 during the Lewis and Clark Era but were not publicized until the Washburn expedition in 1870. Henry Washburn and Nathaniel Langford heard previously of all the unique landscape of the Yellowstone from the Cook-Folsom Expedition and were inspired. Cook was already on board of the expedition, Folsom on the other hand had different plans and invested his money in the railroad business. Langford having connections to Folsom asked him to invest in this expedition because if the Yellowstone were to be recognized people from all around the nation would travel by railroad to see the wonders of the Yellowstone. Washburn and Langford hoped that by exploring the Yellowstone they could preserve its rare characteristics and the resources entrepreneurs, hunters , loggers , and miners would soon take advantage of. During the Washburn Expedition the explored the Northwestern Wyoming exploring the lakes, mountains , and observed the wildlife. The brought back maps and their written observations. The importance of this Expedition was that Langford, with the money Folsom had invested , spoke publicly in several different states about what they had found at Yellowstone.They Hayden Geological Surveys followed and led to the congress’s final decision of making the Yellowstone the first official national park. In this expedition two things differed from the Washburn expedition .First of all Hayden had visuals and brought along with him his photographer William H. Jackson and a guest painter Thomas Moran. By bringing congress and idea of the incredible scenery the Yellowstone had plays a big factor in the actual signing of the legislation for the Yellowstone. Second factor that differed was that National Government had funded this expedition in hopes it would benefit the railroad industry. Like Washburn and Langford’s goal Ferdinand V. Hayden wanted to preserve the land and made it an issue the later generations could enjoy the wonders of the Yellowstone. Hayden said ,”It only become more rare in time. ” The creation of the Yellowstone as a national park came shortly after. Hayden brought to congress sketches, photographs , paintings , and lengthy observations he’d gathered throughout the expedition. What he brought to the table was actual sources and that is what won over congress’s opinion. Ulysses S. Grant signed the “Act of Dedication “ claiming the Yellowstone as the first national park. This legislation made clear that no one should use the land and the land was not for sale. Meaning no settlements, occupancy , vandals , and no using of the resources. Establishing the Yellowstone set the pathway to all preservation of land. Although it struck controversy for those who wanted the land. They would later fight to minimize the Yellowstone’s boundaries. The Creation of the Yellowstone National Park as our first national park is important to the History of our Country because it emphasized the need for us to put aside land in order to preserve it's resources for future generations.



<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1872: The Alabama Claim
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;">** SWEET HOME ALABAMA - The Alabama Claims of 1872 **

The Alabama Claims was basically an argument between the United States and Great Britain, in which was brought by just two years later after the Civil war. It began when confederate agents disguised themselves as merchant vessels to pass by the British Neutrality Act as they were raider. Most of them successfully were able to go and sieze and sink about an estimated 58 ships from the North Coast of the America’s in Alabama. Somehow as states joined to sink in ships in Alabama, about 150 ships were sunken. Because of what Britain had done to the U.S. Ships and its grounds, they have made Britain agree to the terms in which they would need compensation (money) for the damages they have cost America. The Damages they have caused against the United States were big. The Chair man of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Charles Sumner, had issues with concluding the reality that Britain cost the US almost millions of dollars. Charles concluded that it was about 2.125 billion dollars. A large sum of Americans have believed that if Britain choses not to pay off America back, they would have to give Canada as a trade. From the Argument that Britain and America had, you can TELL that the US had great concern for there rights and values as a nation, but the Brits had no guilt at all for what they had committed. For a long period of time between the arguments with the British and the US, a Joint High Commission formed a meeting in Washington D.C. in 1871. At this time of event, the British Government had apologized for there actions and wrong doings. On May 8, 1871, the Treaty of Washington was established. The Treaty briefly introduces the disputes that the Americans and the British had on each other. The Arbitration Commission published there decisions in 1872 that they have under went and rejected the American Claims for the “indirect damages”, but in the end ordered Great Britain to pay off 15.5 million dollars. media type="custom" key="11602916"





<span style="background-color: #ff0000; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1873: The Panic of 1873 (Elizabeth Ramos)
media type="custom" key="11587478" In September of 1873 (a day that became known as Black Friday), the New York Stock Exchange announced that the important investment banking firm of Jay Cooke & Company had collapsed after investing too heavily in railroad securities. This was the Panic of 1873, where business men and banks invested too much on the Pacific Railroad, which caused the economy to collapse. 15% of the people were unemployed and thousand of stock market employers were ruined. This was a depression that caused a major step-back in the circulation of specie. The economy came crashing down, but once the Federal Reserve System was invented the United States saw hope once again. There was I12 district banks now and each one had interest. That's how they kept the money circulating. Now, the Federal Reserve system brought the economy up again, but does this mean a bank never went bankrupt again?

<span style="background-color: #00ffff; color: #5500ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1875: The Civil Rights Act: "They Had A Dream First..." (Angele de la Cruz)
<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">media type="custom" key="11518776" <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">guaranteed that everybody, no matter what race or color of skin they had, were allowed to have the same treatment in "public accommodations" This meant that everyone was to be allowed to go to the movies, ride trains, stay at hotels, eat at restaurants, and go to other public places. Anyone caught not complying with this act could pay a fine from anywhere between $500 to $1,000. They could also spend 30 days to a year in jail. Though the law wasn't followed or strictly enforced, The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was important to American history because it was one of the first attempts at equalizing blacks, whites, and all races and it opened doors for later Civil rights movements.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The act proposed by Senator Charles Sumner and Representative Benjamin Butler in 1870, was finally passed by congress in February of 1875. The act

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1879: Thomas Edison Invents the Light Bulb (Myla Azofeifa)
media type="custom" key="11597484" > <span style="color: #5500ff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> After many years of struggle by many various inventors, it was Edison who created what we know to be the modern light bulb in 1879. In a decade where bubble gum, the telephone, and a multitude of other phenomena were presented to the public, the light bulb is one of the most influential. It is, by far, one of the most widely used products throughout not only modern-day United States, but the whole world. You may ask, What exactly **is** this light bulb that Edison developed? The dictionary definition, according to the dictionary widget for the dashboard of Apple computers, of the lightbulb is: "a glass bulb inserted into a lamp or a socket in a ceiling, that provides light by passing an electric current through a pocket of inert gas." However, the world's definition for the light bulb is a source of light, not just literally, but figuratively as well. Through the invention of the light bulb, many other inventions, such as an x-ray machine and a television were able to come aboutmedia type="custom" key="11642904"media type="youtube" key="EwmnofezW1A" height="315" width="560"
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